Why 121°C Doesn’t Guarantee Sterile Substrate

Many substrate producers assume that reaching 121°C guarantees successful sterilization. In reality, steam distribution, venting, condensation and heat transfer determine whether microorganisms are actually destroyed throughout the substrate.
Why your substrate is too wet… even when the moisture content is correct

Your substrate can contain the correct amount of water and still behave as if it’s too wet. The difference lies in how water is held inside the substrate. Discover why porosity, structure and air-filled spaces matter just as much as moisture content.